What is a Project? -Planned set of interrelated tasks to be executed over a fixed period within certain cost and other limitations to achieve specific goal(s)
• Definite start and finish
• Identifiable goal
A successful project is one which was started and completed on time, within the budget, of quality and satisfies the end user
• PROJECT CYCLE
The stages in a project cycle are: -
1. Project idea
2. Situation anaylysis
3. Planning
4. Financing
5. Implementation
6. Evaluation
• PROJECT IDEA
• Conceptualization to solve a felt need
- Who initiates the project idea – beneficiaries, stakeholders?
• In line with the beneficiaries’ vision
• Is it a priority for the beneficiaries?
Corruption in Project Idea
• Project idea is conceived elsewhere and by others
• Locals i.e. would be beneficiaries are not involved – before, during or after conception
• SITUATION ANAYLYSIS
• Studies undertaken to determine whether the project is feasible
• Beneficiaries consulted on project location/site
• Environmental impact assessment
• SITUATION ANAYLYSIS
Corruption in Situation Analysis
• Feasibility studies not undertaken
• Beneficiaries not made aware or consulted on the project location/site
• Environmental impact assessment study not undertaken Click the File tab, then click Save & Send.
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• PLANNING
• Election of Project Management Committee
• Project specifications, organization
• Project drawings and approvals, bills of quantities
• Project phasing and implementation schedule
• Development of monitoring and evaluation tools
• Competitive tendering/procurement process of goods and services
• Corruption in Project Planning
• No Project Management Committee
• Project variations (specifications), deviations, delays
• No implementation schedule
• Falsification of records
• Absence of storage facilities and store records
• FINANCING
• Project financing – how will it be financed?
• Source(s) of funding
• Where are the funds kept?
• Who is responsible for keeping the money?
Corruption in Project Financing
• No information on project cost, amount provided, source(s), where the money is kept, by who,
IMPLEMENTATION
• Commencement of the project
• Project accountability board
• Supervision by the PMC
• Coordination of human resource – unskilled labour sourced locally
• Procurement and utilization of materials
• Application of specifications
• Site meetings/briefings for beneficiaries held
Corruption in Project Implementation
• Ghost projects/white ‘elephants’
• No supervision by PMC or physical verification
• No project accountability board, progress reports
• Locals not considered for unskilled jobs, ghost workers, over-recruitment, political patronage
• Hap haphazard procurement and utilization of materials, outright theft of materials (then sold to who?)
• Specifications not applied or unjustifiably varied
IMPLEMENTATION
• No site meetings/briefings for beneficiaries are not held
• Falsification of records to support payments
• Embezzlement of funds
• Duplication of payments
• No monitoring of the progress
• EvaluatIon
• Provides feedback on the project
• Compares outcome with the project targets
• Draws lessons learnt to inform future or ongoing projects
• Are the beneficiaries utilizing the project, if not, why?; what needs to be rectified?
• EVALUATION
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• A project that is affected by corruption in one or more stages of the project cycle is rarely evaluated.
• Why?
• RUNNING THEME
• Corruption thrives most where public participation is least
• Corruption can attack a project at any stage in the project
• SOCIAL AUDIT
• Steps taken to ensure that the work done on public projects actually benefits the people whom it is intended to benefit
• Understanding, measuring, reporting, and improving the efficiency and effectiveness in governance
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